Merge pull request #474 from mininet/devel/ovsbatch

Batch startup support for OVS

Currently, every ovs-vsctl command requires reading the entire OVS
configuration database. This means that its performance gets linearly
slower as more switches and ports are added. To mitigate this, we
batch multiple configuration operations into individual, long,
ovs-vsctl commands.

This patch set makes a couple of other notable changes, including
setting printPid=False by default (avoids using mnexec unnecessarily)
and running certain commands using errRun rather than quietRun.
Additionally we no longer look for leftover links in the root
namespace, so code relying on that functionality may have to change
slightly (as in controlnet.py and sshd.py for example.) It also adds
cluster support to mn -c.

The performance result is that mn --topo linear,200 --test none now
completes in 60 seconds rather than 95 seconds (on my laptop) without
the patch (vs. 101 seconds in 2.2.0).

This is still slower than I would like - we should be able to make
some additional improvements.

bin/mn

@@ -41,7 +41,8 @@ from functools import partial
 # Experimental! cluster edition prototype
 from mininet.examples.cluster import ( MininetCluster, RemoteHost,
                                        RemoteOVSSwitch, RemoteLink,
-                                       SwitchBinPlacer, RandomPlacer )
+                                       SwitchBinPlacer, RandomPlacer,
+                                       ClusterCleanup )
 from mininet.examples.clustercli import ClusterCLI
 
 PLACEMENT = { 'block': SwitchBinPlacer, 'random': RandomPlacer }
@@ -281,6 +282,11 @@ class MininetRunner( object ):
     def begin( self ):
         "Create and run mininet."
 
+        if self.options.cluster:
+            servers = self.options.cluster.split( ',' )
+            for server in servers:
+                ClusterCleanup.add( server )
+
         if self.options.clean:
             cleanup()
             exit()
@@ -334,7 +340,7 @@ class MininetRunner( object ):
             warn( '*** WARNING: Experimental cluster mode!\n'
                   '*** Using RemoteHost, RemoteOVSSwitch, RemoteLink\n' )
             host, switch, link = RemoteHost, RemoteOVSSwitch, RemoteLink
-            Net = partial( MininetCluster, servers=cluster.split( ',' ),
+            Net = partial( MininetCluster, servers=servers,
                            placement=PLACEMENT[ self.options.placement ] )
 
         mn = Net( topo=topo,

examples/cluster.py

@@ -82,6 +82,7 @@ from mininet.topolib import TreeTopo
 from mininet.util import quietRun, errRun, retry
 from mininet.examples.clustercli import CLI
 from mininet.log import setLogLevel, debug, info, error
+from mininet.clean import addCleanupCallback
 
 from signal import signal, SIGINT, SIG_IGN
 from subprocess import Popen, PIPE, STDOUT
@@ -89,9 +90,51 @@ import os
 from random import randrange
 import sys
 import re
-
+from itertools import groupby
+from operator import attrgetter
 from distutils.version import StrictVersion
 
+
+def findUser():
+    "Try to return logged-in (usually non-root) user"
+    return (
+            # If we're running sudo
+            os.environ.get( 'SUDO_USER', False ) or
+            # Logged-in user (if we have a tty)
+            ( quietRun( 'who am i' ).split() or [ False ] )[ 0 ] or
+            # Give up and return effective user
+            quietRun( 'whoami' ) )
+
+
+class ClusterCleanup( object ):
+    "Cleanup callback"
+
+    inited = False
+    serveruser = {}
+    
+    @classmethod
+    def add( cls, server, user='' ):
+        "Add an entry to server: user dict"
+        if not cls.inited:
+            addCleanupCallback( cls.cleanup )
+        if not user:
+            user = findUser()
+        cls.serveruser[ server ] = user
+    
+    @classmethod
+    def cleanup( cls ):
+        "Clean up"
+        info( '*** Cleaning up cluster\n' )
+        for server, user in cls.serveruser.iteritems():
+            if server == 'localhost':
+                # Handled by mininet.clean.cleanup()
+                continue
+            else:
+                cmd = [ 'su', user, '-c',
+                        'ssh %s@%s sudo mn -c' % ( user, server ) ]
+                info( cmd, '\n' )
+                info( quietRun( cmd ) )
+
 # BL note: so little code is required for remote nodes,
 # we will probably just want to update the main Node()
 # class to enable it for remote access! However, there
@@ -125,7 +168,8 @@ class RemoteMixin( object ):
         self.server = server if server else 'localhost'
         self.serverIP = ( serverIP if serverIP
                           else self.findServerIP( self.server ) )
-        self.user = user if user else self.findUser()
+        self.user = user if user else findUser()
+        ClusterCleanup.add( server=server, user=user )
         if controlPath is True:
             # Set a default control path for shared SSH connections
             controlPath = '/tmp/mn-%r@%h:%p'
@@ -148,17 +192,6 @@ class RemoteMixin( object ):
         self.shell, self.pid = None, None
         super( RemoteMixin, self ).__init__( name, **kwargs )
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def findUser():
-        "Try to return logged-in (usually non-root) user"
-        return (
-            # If we're running sudo
-            os.environ.get( 'SUDO_USER', False ) or
-            # Logged-in user (if we have a tty)
-            ( quietRun( 'who am i' ).split() or [ False ] )[ 0 ] or
-            # Give up and return effective user
-            quietRun( 'whoami' ) )
-
     # Determine IP address of local host
     _ipMatchRegex = re.compile( r'\d+\.\d+\.\d+\.\d+' )
 
@@ -244,7 +277,7 @@ class RemoteMixin( object ):
                 # Drop privileges
                 cmd = [ 'sudo', '-E', '-u', self.user ] + cmd
         params.update( preexec_fn=self._ignoreSignal )
-        debug( '_popen', ' '.join(cmd), params )
+        debug( '_popen', cmd, '\n' )
         popen = super( RemoteMixin, self )._popen( cmd, **params )
         return popen
 
@@ -257,13 +290,6 @@ class RemoteMixin( object ):
         kwargs.update( moveIntfFn=RemoteLink.moveIntf )
         return super( RemoteMixin, self).addIntf( *args, **kwargs )
 
-    def cleanup( self ):
-        "Help python collect its garbage."
-        # Intfs may end up in root NS
-        for intfName in self.intfNames():
-            if self.name in intfName:
-                self.rcmd( 'ip link del ' + intfName )
-        self.shell = None
 
 class RemoteNode( RemoteMixin, Node ):
     "A node on a remote server"
@@ -280,6 +306,11 @@ class RemoteOVSSwitch( RemoteMixin, OVSSwitch ):
 
     OVSVersions = {}
 
+    def __init__( self, *args, **kwargs ):
+        # No batch startup yet
+        kwargs.update( batch=True )
+        super( RemoteOVSSwitch, self ).__init__( *args, **kwargs )
+
     def isOldOVS( self ):
         "Is remote switch using an old OVS version?"
         cls = type( self )
@@ -293,9 +324,24 @@ class RemoteOVSSwitch( RemoteMixin, OVSSwitch ):
                  StrictVersion( '1.10' ) )
 
     @classmethod
-    def batchShutdown( cls, *_args, **_kwargs ):
+    def batchStartup( cls, switches, **_kwargs ):
-        "Not implemented yet"
+        "Start up switches in per-server batches"
-        return False
+        for server, switchGroup in groupby( switches, attrgetter( 'server' ) ):
+            info( '(%s)' % server )
+            group = tuple( switchGroup )
+            switch = group[ 0 ]
+            OVSSwitch.batchStartup( group, run=switch.cmd )
+        return switches
+    
+    @classmethod
+    def batchShutdown( cls, switches, **_kwargs ):
+        "Stop switches in per-server batches"
+        for server, switchGroup in groupby( switches, attrgetter( 'server' ) ):
+            info( '(%s)' % server )
+            group = tuple( switchGroup )
+            switch = group[ 0 ]
+            OVSSwitch.batchShutdown( group, run=switch.rcmd )
+        return switches
 
 
 class RemoteLink( Link ):
@@ -315,6 +361,7 @@ class RemoteLink( Link ):
 
     def stop( self ):
         "Stop this link"
+        Link.stop( self )
         if self.tunnel:
             self.tunnel.terminate()
         self.tunnel = None
@@ -626,7 +673,7 @@ class MininetCluster( Mininet ):
         if not self.serverIP:
             self.serverIP = { server: RemoteMixin.findServerIP( server )
                               for server in self.servers }
-        self.user = params.pop( 'user', RemoteMixin.findUser() )
+        self.user = params.pop( 'user', findUser() )
         if params.pop( 'precheck' ):
             self.precheck()
         self.connections = {}

examples/controlnet.py

@@ -27,11 +27,17 @@ from mininet.log import setLogLevel, info
 
 class DataController( Controller ):
     """Data Network Controller.
-       patched to avoid checkListening error"""
+       patched to avoid checkListening error and to delete intfs"""
+    
     def checkListening( self ):
         "Ignore spurious error"
         pass
 
+    def stop( self, *args, **kwargs ):
+        "Make sure intfs are deleted"
+        kwargs.update( deleteIntfs=True )
+        super( Controller, self ).stop( *args, **kwargs )
+
 class MininetFacade( object ):
     """Mininet object facade that allows a single CLI to
        talk to one or more networks"""

examples/sshd.py

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ def connectToRootNS( network, switch, ip, routes ):
       routes: host networks to route to"""
     # Create a node in root namespace and link to switch 0
     root = Node( 'root', inNamespace=False )
-    intf = Link( root, switch ).intf1
+    intf = network.addLink( root, switch ).intf1
     root.setIP( ip, intf=intf )
     # Start network that now includes link to root namespace
     network.start()

examples/tree1024.py

@@ -9,10 +9,10 @@ and running sysctl -p. Check util/sysctl_addon.
 
 from mininet.cli import CLI
 from mininet.log import setLogLevel
-from mininet.node import OVSKernelSwitch
+from mininet.node import OVSSwitch
 from mininet.topolib import TreeNet
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     setLogLevel( 'info' )
-    network = TreeNet( depth=2, fanout=32, switch=OVSKernelSwitch )
+    network = TreeNet( depth=2, fanout=32, switch=OVSSwitch )
     network.run( CLI, network )

mininet/clean.py

@@ -38,60 +38,80 @@ def killprocs( pattern ):
         else:
             break
 
-def cleanup():
+class Cleanup( object ):
-    """Clean up junk which might be left over from old runs;
+    "Wrapper for cleanup()"
-       do fast stuff before slow dp and link removal!"""
 
-    info("*** Removing excess controllers/ofprotocols/ofdatapaths/pings/noxes"
+    callbacks = []
-         "\n")
-    zombies = 'controller ofprotocol ofdatapath ping nox_core lt-nox_core '
-    zombies += 'ovs-openflowd ovs-controller udpbwtest mnexec ivs'
-    # Note: real zombie processes can't actually be killed, since they
-    # are already (un)dead. Then again,
-    # you can't connect to them either, so they're mostly harmless.
-    # Send SIGTERM first to give processes a chance to shutdown cleanly.
-    sh( 'killall ' + zombies + ' 2> /dev/null' )
-    time.sleep( 1 )
-    sh( 'killall -9 ' + zombies + ' 2> /dev/null' )
 
-    # And kill off sudo mnexec
+    @classmethod
-    sh( 'pkill -9 -f "sudo mnexec"')
+    def cleanup( cls):
+        """Clean up junk which might be left over from old runs;
+           do fast stuff before slow dp and link removal!"""
 
-    info( "*** Removing junk from /tmp\n" )
+        info("*** Removing excess controllers/ofprotocols/ofdatapaths/pings/noxes"
-    sh( 'rm -f /tmp/vconn* /tmp/vlogs* /tmp/*.out /tmp/*.log' )
+             "\n")
+        zombies = 'controller ofprotocol ofdatapath ping nox_core lt-nox_core '
+        zombies += 'ovs-openflowd ovs-controller udpbwtest mnexec ivs'
+        # Note: real zombie processes can't actually be killed, since they
+        # are already (un)dead. Then again,
+        # you can't connect to them either, so they're mostly harmless.
+        # Send SIGTERM first to give processes a chance to shutdown cleanly.
+        sh( 'killall ' + zombies + ' 2> /dev/null' )
+        time.sleep( 1 )
+        sh( 'killall -9 ' + zombies + ' 2> /dev/null' )
 
-    info( "*** Removing old X11 tunnels\n" )
+        # And kill off sudo mnexec
-    cleanUpScreens()
+        sh( 'pkill -9 -f "sudo mnexec"')
 
-    info( "*** Removing excess kernel datapaths\n" )
+        info( "*** Removing junk from /tmp\n" )
-    dps = sh( "ps ax | egrep -o 'dp[0-9]+' | sed 's/dp/nl:/'" ).splitlines()
+        sh( 'rm -f /tmp/vconn* /tmp/vlogs* /tmp/*.out /tmp/*.log' )
-    for dp in dps:
-        if dp:
-            sh( 'dpctl deldp ' + dp )
 
-    info( "***  Removing OVS datapaths" )
+        info( "*** Removing old X11 tunnels\n" )
-    dps = sh("ovs-vsctl --timeout=1 list-br").strip().splitlines()
+        cleanUpScreens()
-    if dps:
-        sh( "ovs-vsctl " + " -- ".join( "--if-exists del-br " + dp
-                                        for dp in dps if dp ) )
-    # And in case the above didn't work...
-    dps = sh("ovs-vsctl --timeout=1 list-br").strip().splitlines()
-    for dp in dps:
-        sh( 'ovs-vsctl del-br ' + dp )
 
-    info( "*** Removing all links of the pattern foo-ethX\n" )
+        info( "*** Removing excess kernel datapaths\n" )
-    links = sh( "ip link show | "
+        dps = sh( "ps ax | egrep -o 'dp[0-9]+' | sed 's/dp/nl:/'" ).splitlines()
-                "egrep -o '([-_.[:alnum:]]+-eth[[:digit:]]+)'" ).splitlines()
+        for dp in dps:
-    for link in links:
+            if dp:
-        if link:
+                sh( 'dpctl deldp ' + dp )
-            sh( "ip link del " + link )
 
-    info( "*** Killing stale mininet node processes\n" )
+        info( "***  Removing OVS datapaths" )
-    killprocs( 'mininet:' )
+        dps = sh("ovs-vsctl --timeout=1 list-br").strip().splitlines()
+        if dps:
+            sh( "ovs-vsctl " + " -- ".join( "--if-exists del-br " + dp
+                                            for dp in dps if dp ) )
+        # And in case the above didn't work...
+        dps = sh("ovs-vsctl --timeout=1 list-br").strip().splitlines()
+        for dp in dps:
+            sh( 'ovs-vsctl del-br ' + dp )
 
-    info( "*** Shutting down stale tunnels\n" )
+        info( "*** Removing all links of the pattern foo-ethX\n" )
-    killprocs( 'Tunnel=Ethernet' )
+        links = sh( "ip link show | "
-    killprocs( '.ssh/mn')
+                    "egrep -o '([-_.[:alnum:]]+-eth[[:digit:]]+)'" ).splitlines()
-    sh( 'rm -f ~/.ssh/mn/*' )
+        for link in links:
+            if link:
+                sh( "ip link del " + link )
 
-    info( "*** Cleanup complete.\n" )
+        info( "*** Killing stale mininet node processes\n" )
+        killprocs( 'mininet:' )
+
+        info( "*** Shutting down stale tunnels\n" )
+        killprocs( 'Tunnel=Ethernet' )
+        killprocs( '.ssh/mn')
+        sh( 'rm -f ~/.ssh/mn/*' )
+
+        # Call any additional cleanup code if necessary
+        for callback in cls.callbacks:
+            callback()
+
+        info( "*** Cleanup complete.\n" )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def addCleanupCallback( cls, callback ):
+        "Add cleanup callback"
+        if callback not in cls.callbacks:
+            cls.callbacks.append( callback )
+
+
+cleanup = Cleanup.cleanup
+addCleanupCallback = Cleanup.addCleanupCallback

mininet/link.py

@@ -197,9 +197,10 @@ class Intf( object ):
     def delete( self ):
         "Delete interface"
         self.cmd( 'ip link del ' + self.name )
-        if self.node.inNamespace:
+        # We used to do this, but it slows us down:
-            # Link may have been dumped into root NS
+        # if self.node.inNamespace:
-            quietRun( 'ip link del ' + self.name )
+        # Link may have been dumped into root NS
+        # quietRun( 'ip link del ' + self.name )
 
     def status( self ):
         "Return intf status as a string"

mininet/net.py

@@ -414,7 +414,12 @@ class Mininet( object ):
 
         info( '\n*** Adding switches:\n' )
         for switchName in topo.switches():
-            self.addSwitch( switchName, **topo.nodeInfo( switchName) )
+            # A bit ugly: add batch parameter if appropriate
+            params = topo.nodeInfo( switchName)
+            cls = params.get( 'cls', self.switch )
+            if hasattr( cls, 'batchStartup' ):
+                params.setdefault( 'batch', True )
+            self.addSwitch( switchName, **params )
             info( switchName + ' ' )
 
         info( '\n*** Adding links:\n' )
@@ -481,6 +486,13 @@ class Mininet( object ):
         for switch in self.switches:
             info( switch.name + ' ')
             switch.start( self.controllers )
+        started = {}
+        for swclass, switches in groupby(
+            sorted( self.switches, key=type ), type ):
+            switches = tuple( switches )
+            if hasattr( swclass, 'batchStartup' ):
+                success = swclass.batchStartup( switches )
+                started.update( { s: s for s in success } )
         info( '\n' )
         if self.waitConn:
             self.waitConnected()
@@ -505,9 +517,9 @@ class Mininet( object ):
         for swclass, switches in groupby(
                 sorted( self.switches, key=type ), type ):
             switches = tuple( switches )
-            if ( hasattr( swclass, 'batchShutdown' ) and
+            if hasattr( swclass, 'batchShutdown' ):
-                 swclass.batchShutdown( switches ) ):
+                success = swclass.batchShutdown( switches )
-                stopped.update( { s: s for s in switches } )
+                stopped.update( { s: s for s in success } )
         for switch in self.switches:
             info( switch.name + ' ' )
             if switch not in stopped:

mininet/node.py

@@ -157,8 +157,7 @@ class Node( object ):
                 break
             self.pollOut.poll()
         self.waiting = False
-        self.cmd( 'stty -echo' )
+        self.cmd( 'stty -echo; set +m' )
-        self.cmd( 'set +m' )
 
     def mountPrivateDirs( self ):
         "mount private directories"
@@ -194,10 +193,11 @@ class Node( object ):
 
     def cleanup( self ):
         "Help python collect its garbage."
+        # We used to do this, but it slows us down:
         # Intfs may end up in root NS
-        for intfName in self.intfNames():
+        # for intfName in self.intfNames():
-            if self.name in intfName:
+        # if self.name in intfName:
-                quietRun( 'ip link del ' + intfName )
+        # quietRun( 'ip link del ' + intfName )
         self.shell = None
 
     # Subshell I/O, commands and control
@@ -258,9 +258,9 @@ class Node( object ):
         """Send a command, followed by a command to echo a sentinel,
            and return without waiting for the command to complete.
            args: command and arguments, or string
-           printPid: print command's PID?"""
+           printPid: print command's PID? (False)"""
         assert self.shell and not self.waiting
-        printPid = kwargs.get( 'printPid', True )
+        printPid = kwargs.get( 'printPid', False )
         # Allow sendCmd( [ list ] )
         if len( args ) == 1 and isinstance( args[ 0 ], list ):
             cmd = args[ 0 ]
@@ -1058,7 +1058,7 @@ class OVSSwitch( Switch ):
 
     def __init__( self, name, failMode='secure', datapath='kernel',
                   inband=False, protocols=None,
-                  reconnectms=1000, stp=False, **params ):
+                  reconnectms=1000, stp=False, batch=False, **params ):
         """name: name for switch
            failMode: controller loss behavior (secure|open)
            datapath: userspace or kernel mode (kernel|user)
@@ -1066,7 +1066,8 @@ class OVSSwitch( Switch ):
            protocols: use specific OpenFlow version(s) (e.g. OpenFlow13)
                       Unspecified (or old OVS version) uses OVS default
            reconnectms: max reconnect timeout in ms (0/None for default)
-           stp: enable STP (False, requires failMode=standalone)"""
+           stp: enable STP (False, requires failMode=standalone)
+           batch: enable batch startup (False)"""
         Switch.__init__( self, name, **params )
         self.failMode = failMode
         self.datapath = datapath
@@ -1075,6 +1076,8 @@ class OVSSwitch( Switch ):
         self.reconnectms = reconnectms
         self.stp = stp
         self._uuids = []  # controller UUIDs
+        self.batch = batch
+        self.commands = []  # saved commands for batch startup
 
     @classmethod
     def setup( cls ):
@@ -1104,18 +1107,18 @@ class OVSSwitch( Switch ):
         return ( StrictVersion( cls.OVSVersion ) <
                  StrictVersion( '1.10' ) )
 
-    @classmethod
-    def batchShutdown( cls, switches ):
-        "Call ovs-vsctl del-br on all OVSSwitches in a list"
-        quietRun( 'ovs-vsctl ' +
-                  ' -- '.join( '--if-exists del-br %s' % s
-                               for s in switches ) )
-        return True
-
     def dpctl( self, *args ):
         "Run ovs-ofctl command"
         return self.cmd( 'ovs-ofctl', args[ 0 ], self, *args[ 1: ] )
 
+    def vsctl( self, *args, **kwargs ):
+        "Run ovs-vsctl command (or queue for later execution)"
+        if self.batch:
+            cmd = ' '.join( str( arg ).strip() for arg in args )
+            self.commands.append( cmd )
+        else:
+            return self.cmd( 'ovs-vsctl', *args, **kwargs )
+
     @staticmethod
     def TCReapply( intf ):
         """Unfortunately OVS and Mininet are fighting
@@ -1126,13 +1129,13 @@ class OVSSwitch( Switch ):
 
     def attach( self, intf ):
         "Connect a data port"
-        self.cmd( 'ovs-vsctl add-port', self, intf )
+        self.vsctl( 'add-port', self, intf )
         self.cmd( 'ifconfig', intf, 'up' )
         self.TCReapply( intf )
 
     def detach( self, intf ):
         "Disconnect a data port"
-        self.cmd( 'ovs-vsctl del-port', self, intf )
+        self.vsctl( 'del-port', self, intf )
 
     def controllerUUIDs( self, update=False ):
         """Return ovsdb UUIDs for our controllers
@@ -1150,84 +1153,109 @@ class OVSSwitch( Switch ):
     def connected( self ):
         "Are we connected to at least one of our controllers?"
         for uuid in self.controllerUUIDs():
-            if 'true' in self.cmd( 'ovs-vsctl -- get Controller',
+            if 'true' in self.vsctl( '-- get Controller',
-                                            uuid, 'is_connected' ):
+                                     uuid, 'is_connected' ):
                 return True
         return self.failMode == 'standalone'
 
-    @staticmethod
+    def intfOpts( self, intf ):
-    def patchOpts( intf ):
+        "Return OVS interface options for intf"
-        "Return OVS patch port options (if any) for intf"
+        opts = ''
-        if not isinstance( intf, OVSIntf ):
+        if not self.isOldOVS():
-            # Ignore if it's not a patch link
+            # ofport_request is not supported on old OVS
-            return ''
+            opts += ' ofport_request=%s' % self.ports[ intf ]
-        intf1, intf2 = intf.link.intf1, intf.link.intf2
+            # Patch ports don't work well with old OVS
-        peer = intf1 if intf1 != intf else intf2
+            if isinstance( intf, OVSIntf ):
-        return ( '-- set Interface %s type=patch '
+                intf1, intf2 = intf.link.intf1, intf.link.intf2
-                 '-- set Interface %s options:peer=%s ' %
+                peer = intf1 if intf1 != intf else intf2
-                 ( intf, intf, peer ) )
+                opts += ' type=patch options:peer=%s' % peer
+        return '' if not opts else ' -- set Interface %s' % intf + opts
+
+    def bridgeOpts( self ):
+        "Return OVS bridge options"
+        opts = ( ' other_config:datapath-id=%s' % self.dpid +
+                 ' fail_mode=%s' % self.failMode )
+        if not self.inband:
+            opts += ' other-config:disable-in-band=true'
+        if self.datapath == 'user':
+            opts += ' datapath_type=netdev'
+        if self.protocols and not self.isOldOVS():
+            opts += ' protocols=%s' % ( self, self.protocols )
+        if self.stp and self.failMode == 'standalone':
+            opts += ' stp_enable=true' % self
+        return opts
 
-    # pylint: disable=too-many-branches
     def start( self, controllers ):
         "Start up a new OVS OpenFlow switch using ovs-vsctl"
         if self.inNamespace:
             raise Exception(
                 'OVS kernel switch does not work in a namespace' )
         int( self.dpid, 16 )  # DPID must be a hex string
-        # Interfaces and controllers
+        # Command to add interfaces
-        intfs = ' '.join( '-- add-port %s %s ' % ( self, intf ) +
+        intfs = ''.join( ' -- add-port %s %s' % ( self, intf ) +
-                          '-- set Interface %s ' % intf +
+                         self.intfOpts( intf )
-                          'ofport_request=%s ' % self.ports[ intf ]
+                         for intf in self.intfList()
-                          + self.patchOpts( intf )
+                         if self.ports[ intf ] and not intf.IP() )
-                          for intf in self.intfList()
+        # Command to create controller entries
-                          if self.ports[ intf ] and not intf.IP() )
+        clist = [ ( self.name + c.name, '%s:%s:%d' %
-        clist = ' '.join( '%s:%s:%d' % ( c.protocol, c.IP(), c.port )
+                  ( c.protocol, c.IP(), c.port ) )
-                          for c in controllers )
+                  for c in controllers ]
         if self.listenPort:
-            clist += ' ptcp:%s' % self.listenPort
+            clist.append( ( self.name + '-listen',
-        # Construct big ovs-vsctl command for new versions of OVS
+                            'ptcp:%s' % self.listenPort ) )
-        if not self.isOldOVS():
+        ccmd = '-- --id=@%s create Controller target=\\"%s\\"'
-            cmd = ( 'ovs-vsctl --if-exists del-br %s ' % self +
-                    '-- add-br %s ' % self +
-                    '-- set Bridge %s ' % self +
-                    'other_config:datapath-id=%s ' % self.dpid +
-                    '-- set-fail-mode %s %s ' % ( self, self.failMode ) +
-                    intfs +
-                    '-- set-controller %s %s ' % ( self, clist ) )
-        # Construct ovs-vsctl commands for old versions of OVS
-        else:
-            # Annoyingly, --if-exists option seems not to work
-            self.cmd( 'ovs-vsctl del-br', self )
-            self.cmd( 'ovs-vsctl add-br', self )
-            for intf in self.intfList():
-                if not intf.IP():
-                    self.cmd( 'ovs-vsctl add-port', self, intf )
-            cmd = ( 'ovs-vsctl set Bridge %s ' % self +
-                    'other_config:datapath-id=%s ' % self.dpid +
-                    '-- set-fail-mode %s %s ' % ( self, self.failMode ) +
-                    '-- set-controller %s %s ' % ( self, clist ) )
-        if not self.inband:
-            cmd += ( '-- set bridge %s '
-                     'other-config:disable-in-band=true ' % self )
-        if self.datapath == 'user':
-            cmd += '-- set bridge %s datapath_type=netdev ' % self
-        if self.protocols and not self.isOldOVS():
-            cmd += '-- set bridge %s protocols=%s ' % ( self, self.protocols )
-        if self.stp and self.failMode == 'standalone':
-            cmd += '-- set bridge %s stp_enable=true ' % self
-        # Do it!!
-        self.cmd( cmd )
-        # Reconnect quickly to controllers (1s vs. 15s max_backoff)
         if self.reconnectms:
-            uuids = [ '-- set Controller %s max_backoff=%d' %
+            ccmd += ' max_backoff=%d' % self.reconnectms
-                      ( uuid, self.reconnectms )
+        cargs = ' '.join( ccmd % ( name, target )
-                      for uuid in self.controllerUUIDs() ]
+                          for name, target in clist )
-            if uuids:
+        # Controller ID list
-                self.cmd( 'ovs-vsctl', *uuids )
+        cids = ','.join( '@%s' % name for name, _target in clist )
+        # Try to delete any existing bridges with the same name
+        if not self.isOldOVS():
+            cargs += ' -- --if-exists del-br %s' % self
+        # One ovs-vsctl command to rule them all!
+        self.vsctl( cargs +
+                    ' -- add-br %s' % self +
+                    ' -- set bridge %s controller=[%s]' % ( self, cids  ) +
+                    self.bridgeOpts() +
+                    intfs )
         # If necessary, restore TC config overwritten by OVS
-        for intf in self.intfList():
+        if not self.batch:
-            self.TCReapply( intf )
+            for intf in self.intfList():
-    # pylint: enable=too-many-branches
+                self.TCReapply( intf )
+
+    # This should be ~ int( quietRun( 'getconf ARG_MAX' ) ),
+    # but the real limit seems to be much lower
+    argmax = 128000
+
+    @classmethod
+    def batchStartup( cls, switches, run=errRun ):
+        """Batch startup for OVS
+           switches: switches to start up
+           run: function to run commands (errRun)"""
+        info( '...' )
+        cmds = 'ovs-vsctl'
+        for switch in switches:
+            if switch.isOldOVS():
+                # Ideally we'd optimize this also
+                run( 'ovs-vsctl del-br %s' % switch )
+            for cmd in switch.commands:
+                cmd = cmd.strip()
+                # Don't exceed ARG_MAX
+                if len( cmds ) + len( cmd ) >= cls.argmax:
+                    run( cmds, shell=True )
+                    cmds = 'ovs-vsctl'
+                cmds += ' ' + cmd
+                switch.cmds = []
+                switch.batch = False
+        if cmds:
+            run( cmds, shell=True )
+        # Reapply link config if necessary...
+        for switch in switches:
+            for intf in switch.intfs.itervalues():
+                if isinstance( intf, TCIntf ):
+                    intf.config( **intf.params )
+        return switches
 
     def stop( self, deleteIntfs=True ):
         """Terminate OVS switch.
@@ -1237,6 +1265,22 @@ class OVSSwitch( Switch ):
             self.cmd( 'ip link del', self )
         super( OVSSwitch, self ).stop( deleteIntfs )
 
+    @classmethod
+    def batchShutdown( cls, switches, run=errRun ):
+        "Shut down a list of OVS switches"
+        delcmd = 'del-br %s'
+        if switches and not switches[ 0 ].isOldOVS():
+            delcmd = '--if-exists ' + delcmd
+        # First, delete them all from ovsdb
+        run( 'ovs-vsctl ' +
+             ' -- '.join( delcmd % s for s in switches ) )
+        # Next, shut down all of the processes
+        pids = ' '.join( str( switch.pid ) for switch in switches )
+        run( 'kill -HUP ' + pids )
+        for switch in switches:
+            switch.shell = None
+        return switches
+
 
 OVSKernelSwitch = OVSSwitch
 
@@ -1285,6 +1329,7 @@ class IVSSwitch( Switch ):
         "Kill each IVS switch, to be waited on later in stop()"
         for switch in switches:
             switch.cmd( 'kill %ivs' )
+        return switches
 
     def start( self, controllers ):
         "Start up a new IVS switch"
@@ -1379,6 +1424,7 @@ class Controller( Node ):
         "Stop controller."
         self.cmd( 'kill %' + self.command )
         self.cmd( 'wait %' + self.command )
+        kwargs.update( deleteIntfs=False )
         super( Controller, self ).stop( *args, **kwargs )
 
     def IP( self, intf=None ):

mininet/util.py

@@ -77,6 +77,7 @@ def errRun( *cmd, **kwargs ):
         cmd = [ str( arg ) for arg in cmd ]
     elif isinstance( cmd, list ) and shell:
         cmd = " ".join( arg for arg in cmd )
+    debug( '*** errRun:', cmd, '\n' )
     popen = Popen( cmd, stdout=PIPE, stderr=stderr, shell=shell )
     # We use poll() because select() doesn't work with large fd numbers,
     # and thus communicate() doesn't work either
@@ -113,6 +114,7 @@ def errRun( *cmd, **kwargs ):
                 poller.unregister( fd )
 
     returncode = popen.wait()
+    debug( out, err, returncode )
     return out, err, returncode
 
 def errFail( *cmd, **kwargs ):
@@ -188,7 +190,8 @@ def makeIntfPair( intf1, intf2, addr1=None, addr2=None, node1=None, node2=None,
     if cmdOutput == '':
         return True
     else:
-        error( "Error creating interface pair: %s " % cmdOutput )
+        raise Exception( "Error creating interface pair (%s,%s): %s " %
+                         ( intf1, intf2, cmdOutput ) )
         return False
 
 def retry( retries, delaySecs, fn, *args, **keywords ):
@@ -533,19 +536,28 @@ def customConstructor( constructors, argStr ):
         raise Exception( "error: %s is unknown - please specify one of %s" %
                          ( cname, constructors.keys() ) )
 
-    def customized( name, *args, **params ):
+    if not newargs and not kwargs:
-        "Customized constructor, useful for Node, Link, and other classes"
+        return constructor
-        params = params.copy()
-        params.update( kwargs )
-        if not newargs:
-            return constructor( name, *args, **params )
-        if args:
-            warn( 'warning: %s replacing %s with %s\n' % (
-                  constructor, args, newargs ) )
-        return constructor( name, *newargs, **params )
 
-    customized.__name__ = 'customConstructor(%s)' % argStr
+    if not isinstance( constructor, type ):
-    return customized
+        raise Exception( "error: invalid arguments %s" % argStr )
+
+    # Return a customized subclass
+    cls = constructor
+    class CustomClass( cls ):
+        "Customized subclass, useful for Node, Link, and other classes"
+        def __init__( self, name, *args, **params ):
+            params = params.copy()
+            params.update( kwargs )
+            if not newargs:
+                return cls.__init__( self, name, *args, **params )
+            if args:
+                warn( 'warning: %s replacing %s with %s\n' %
+                      ( constructor, args, newargs ) )
+                return cls.__init__( self, name, *newargs, **params )
+
+    CustomClass.__name__ = '%s%s' % ( cls.__name__, kwargs )
+    return CustomClass
 
 def buildTopo( topos, topoStr ):
     """Create topology from string with format (object, arg1, arg2,...).