Pass pylint.

Makefile

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ EXAMPLES = examples/*.py
 BIN = bin/mn
 PYSRC = $(MININET) $(TEST) $(EXAMPLES) $(BIN)
 
-P8IGN = E251,E201,E302
+P8IGN = E251,E201,E302,E202
 
 codecheck: $(PYSRC)
 	pyflakes $(PYSRC)

examples/consoles.py

@@ -128,23 +128,28 @@ class Console( Frame ):
             cmd = cmd[ pos + len( self.prompt ): ]
         self.sendCmd( cmd )
 
+    # Callback ignores event
+    # pylint: disable-msg=W0613
     def handleInt( self, event=None ):
         "Handle control-c."
         self.node.sendInt()
+    # pylint: enable-msg=W0613
     
     def sendCmd( self, cmd ):
         "Send a command to our node."
-        text, node = self.text, self.node
-        if not node.waiting:
-            node.sendCmd( cmd )
+        if not self.node.waiting:
+            self.node.sendCmd( cmd )
 
-    def handleReadable( self, file=None, mask=None, timeoutms=None ):
+    # Callback ignores fds
+    # pylint: disable-msg=W0613
+    def handleReadable( self, fds, timeoutms=None ):
         "Handle file readable event."
         data = self.node.monitor( timeoutms )
         self.append( data )
         if not self.node.waiting:
             # Print prompt
             self.append( self.prompt )
+    # pylint: enable-msg=W0613
 
     def waiting( self ):
         "Are we waiting for output?"
@@ -182,27 +187,25 @@ class Graph( Frame ):
         self.xpos = 0
 
         # Create everything
-        self.title = self.graph = None
-        self.createWidgets()
+        self.title, self.scale, self.graph = self.createWidgets()
         self.updateScrollRegions()
         self.yview( 'moveto', '1.0' )
 
-        
-    def scale( self ):
+    def createScale( self ):
         "Create a and return a new canvas with scale markers."
         height = float( self.gheight )
         width = 25
         ymax = self.ymax
-        scale = Canvas( self, width=width, height=height, background=self.bg )
-        fill = 'red'
+        scale = Canvas( self, width=width, height=height, 
+            background=self.bg )
+        opts = { 'fill': 'red' }
         # Draw scale line
-        scale.create_line( width - 1, height, width - 1, 0, fill=fill )
+        scale.create_line( width - 1, height, width - 1, 0, **opts )
         # Draw ticks and numbers
         for y in range( 0, int( ymax + 1 ) ):
             ypos = height * (1 - float( y ) / ymax )
-            scale.create_line( width, ypos, width - 10, ypos, fill=fill )
-            scale.create_text( 10, ypos, text=str( y ), fill=fill )
-            
+            scale.create_line( width, ypos, width - 10, ypos, **opts )
+            scale.create_text( 10, ypos, text=str( y ), **opts )
         return scale
 
     def updateScrollRegions( self ):
@@ -222,10 +225,10 @@ class Graph( Frame ):
         "Create initial widget set."
 
         # Objects
-        title = Label( self, text="Bandwidth (Gb/s)", bg=self.bg )
+        title = Label( self, text='Bandwidth (Gb/s)', bg=self.bg )
         width = self.gwidth
         height = self.gheight
-        scale = self.scale()
+        scale = self.createScale()
         graph = Canvas( self, width=width, height=height, background=self.bg)
         xbar = Scrollbar( self, orient='horizontal', command=graph.xview )
         ybar = Scrollbar( self, orient='vertical', command=self.yview )
@@ -241,11 +244,7 @@ class Graph( Frame ):
         xbar.grid( row=2, column=0, columnspan=2, sticky='ew' )
         self.rowconfigure( 1, weight=1 )
         self.columnconfigure( 1, weight=1 )
-        # Save for future reference
-        self.title = title
-        self.scale = scale
-        self.graph = graph
-        return graph
+        return title, scale, graph
 
     def addBar( self, yval ):
         "Add a new bar to our graph."
@@ -279,6 +278,8 @@ class Graph( Frame ):
 
 class ConsoleApp( Frame ):
 
+    "Simple Tk consoles for Mininet."
+    
     menuStyle = { 'font': 'Geneva 7 bold' }
 
     def __init__( self, net, parent=None, width=4 ):
@@ -317,6 +318,8 @@ class ConsoleApp( Frame ):
 
         self.pack( expand=True, fill='both' )
 
+    # Update callback doesn't use console arg
+    # pylint: disable-msg=W0613
     def updateGraph( self, console, output ):
         "Update our graph."
         m = re.search( r'(\d+) Mbits/sec', output )
@@ -328,8 +331,10 @@ class ConsoleApp( Frame ):
             self.graph.addBar( self.bw )
             self.bw = 0
             self.updates = 0
+    # pylint: enable-msg=W0613
 
     def setOutputHook( self, fn=None, consoles=None ):
+        "Register fn as output hook [on specific consoles.]"
         if consoles is None:
             consoles = self.consoles[ 'hosts' ].consoles
         for console in consoles:
@@ -342,7 +347,7 @@ class ConsoleApp( Frame ):
         consoles = []
         index = 0
         for node in nodes:
-            console = Console( f, net, node, title=title )
+            console = Console( f, self.net, node, title=title )
             consoles.append( console )
             row = index / width
             column = index % width
@@ -352,11 +357,11 @@ class ConsoleApp( Frame ):
             f.columnconfigure( column, weight=1 )
         return f, consoles
 
-    def select( self, set ):
-        "Select a set of consoles to display."
+    def select( self, groupName ):
+        "Select a group of consoles to display."
         if self.selected is not None:
             self.selected.frame.pack_forget()
-        self.selected = self.consoles[ set ]
+        self.selected = self.consoles[ groupName ]
         self.selected.frame.pack( expand=True, fill='both' )
 
     def createMenuBar( self ):
@@ -453,8 +458,8 @@ class Object( object ):
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     setLogLevel( 'info' )
-    net = TreeNet( depth=2, fanout=2 )
-    net.start()
-    app = ConsoleApp( net, width=4 )
+    network = TreeNet( depth=2, fanout=4 )
+    network.start()
+    app = ConsoleApp( network, width=4 )
     app.mainloop()
-    net.stop()
+    network.stop()

examples/miniedit.py

@@ -48,10 +48,10 @@ class MiniEdit( Frame ):
         self.cframe, self.canvas = self.createCanvas()
 
         # Toolbar
+        self.images = miniEditImages()
         self.buttons = {}
         self.active = None
         self.tools = ( 'Select', 'Host', 'Switch', 'Link' )
-        self.images = self.createImages()
         self.customColors = { 'Switch': 'darkGreen', 'Host': 'blue' }
         self.toolbar = self.createToolbar()
 
@@ -83,6 +83,10 @@ class MiniEdit( Frame ):
         self.bind( '<KeyPress-BackSpace>', self.deleteSelection )
         self.focus()
 
+        # Event handling initalization
+        self.linkx = self.linky = self.linkItem = None
+        self.lastSelection = None
+
         # Model initialization
         self.links = {}
         self.nodeCount = 0
@@ -112,15 +116,13 @@ class MiniEdit( Frame ):
         appMenu.add_separator()
         appMenu.add_command( label='Quit', command=self.quit, font=font )
 
-        """
-        fileMenu = Menu( mbar, tearoff=False )
-        mbar.add_cascade( label="File", font=font, menu=fileMenu )
-        fileMenu.add_command( label="Load...", font=font )
-        fileMenu.add_separator()
-        fileMenu.add_command( label="Save", font=font )
-        fileMenu.add_separator()
-        fileMenu.add_command( label="Print", font=font )
-        """
+        #fileMenu = Menu( mbar, tearoff=False )
+        #mbar.add_cascade( label="File", font=font, menu=fileMenu )
+        #fileMenu.add_command( label="Load...", font=font )
+        #fileMenu.add_separator()
+        #fileMenu.add_command( label="Save", font=font )
+        #fileMenu.add_separator()
+        #fileMenu.add_command( label="Print", font=font )
 
         editMenu = Menu( mbar, tearoff=False )
         mbar.add_cascade( label="Edit", font=font, menu=editMenu )
@@ -189,6 +191,7 @@ class MiniEdit( Frame ):
     # Toolbar
 
     def activate( self, toolName ):
+        "Activate a tool and press its button."
         # Adjust button appearance
         if self.active:
             self.buttons[ self.active ].configure( relief='raised' )
@@ -203,7 +206,7 @@ class MiniEdit( Frame ):
 
         # Tools
         for tool in self.tools:
-            cmd = lambda t=tool: self.activate( t )
+            cmd = ( lambda t=tool: self.activate( t ) )
             b = Button( toolbar, text=tool, font=self.smallFont, command=cmd)
             if tool in self.images:
                 b.config( height=35, image=self.images[ tool ] )
@@ -217,9 +220,9 @@ class MiniEdit( Frame ):
 
         # Commands
         for cmd, color in [ ( 'Stop', 'darkRed' ), ( 'Run', 'darkGreen' ) ]:
-            def doCmd( f=getattr( self, 'do' + cmd ) ):
-                f()
-            b = Button( toolbar, text=cmd, font=self.smallFont, fg=color, command=doCmd ) 
+            doCmd = getattr( self, 'do' + cmd )
+            b = Button( toolbar, text=cmd, font=self.smallFont, 
+                fg=color, command=doCmd )
             b.pack( fill='x', side='bottom' )
 
         return toolbar
@@ -267,9 +270,9 @@ class MiniEdit( Frame ):
 
     # Currently the only items we can select directly are
     # links. Nodes are handled by bindings in the node icon.
-    # If we want to allow node deletion, we will 
 
     def findItem( self, x, y ):
+        "Find items at a location in our canvas."
         items = self.canvas.find_overlapping( x, y, x, y )
         if len( items ) == 0:
             return None
@@ -295,10 +298,14 @@ class MiniEdit( Frame ):
         # Delete from view
         self.canvas.delete( item )
 
+    # Callback ignores event
+    # pylint: disable-msg=W0613
     def deleteSelection( self, event ):
+        "Delete the selected item."
         if self.selection is not None:
             self.deleteItem( self.selection )
         self.selectItem( None )
+    # pylint: enable-msg=W0613
 
     def nodeIcon( self, node, name ):
         "Create a new node icon."
@@ -317,7 +324,8 @@ class MiniEdit( Frame ):
         self.nodeCount += 1
         name = self.nodePrefixes[ node ] + str( self.nodeCount )
         icon = self.nodeIcon( node, name )
-        item = self.canvas.create_window( x, y, anchor='c', window=icon, tags=node )
+        item = self.canvas.create_window( x, y, anchor='c', 
+            window=icon, tags=node )
         self.widgetToItem[ icon ] = item
         self.itemToWidget[ item ] = icon
         self.selectItem( item )
@@ -341,40 +349,47 @@ class MiniEdit( Frame ):
         c = self.canvas
         c.coords( self.link, self.linkx, self.linky, x, y )
 
+    # Callback ignores event
+    # pylint: disable-msg=W0613
     def releaseLink( self, event ):
         "Give up on the current link."
         if self.link is not None:
             self.canvas.delete( self.link )
         self.linkWidget = self.linkItem = self.link = None
+    # pylint: enable-msg=W0613
 
     # Generic node handlers
 
-    def createBindings( self, bindings ):
-        l = Label()
-        for event, binding in bindings.items():
-            l.bind( event, binding )
-        return l
-            
     def createNodeBindings( self ):
         "Create a set of bindings for nodes."
-        return self.createBindings( {
+        bindings = {
             '<ButtonPress-1>': self.clickNode,
             '<B1-Motion>': self.dragNode,
             '<ButtonRelease-1>': self.releaseNode,
             '<Enter>': self.enterNode,
             '<Leave>': self.leaveNode,
             '<Double-ButtonPress-1>': self.xterm
-        } )
+        }
+        l = Label()  # lightweight-ish owner for bindings
+        for event, binding in bindings.items():
+            l.bind( event, binding )
+        return l
 
     def selectItem( self, item ):
+        "Select an item and remember old selection."
         self.lastSelection = self.selection
         self.selection = item
 
     def enterNode( self, event ):
+        "Select node on entry."
         self.selectNode( event )
 
+    # Callback ignores event
+    # pylint: disable-msg=W0613
     def leaveNode( self, event ):
+        "Restore old selection on exit."
         self.selectItem( self.lastSelection )
+    # pylint: enable-msg=W0613
 
     def clickNode( self, event ):
         "Node click handler."
@@ -436,14 +451,20 @@ class MiniEdit( Frame ):
         self.linkItem = item
         # Link bindings
         # Selection still needs a bit of work overall
+        # Callbacks ignore event
+        # pylint: disable-msg=W0613
         def select( event, link=self.link ):
+            "Select item on mouse entry."
             self.selectItem( link )
         def highlight( event, link=self.link ):
+            "Highlight item on mouse entry."
             # self.selectItem( link )
             self.canvas.itemconfig( link, fill='green' )
         def unhighlight( event, link=self.link ):
+            "Unhighlight item on mouse exit."
             self.canvas.itemconfig( link, fill='blue' )
             # self.selectItem( None )
+        # pylint: disable-msg=W0613
         self.canvas.tag_bind( self.link, '<Enter>', highlight )
         self.canvas.tag_bind( self.link, '<Leave>', unhighlight )
         self.canvas.tag_bind( self.link, '<ButtonPress-1>', select )
@@ -471,8 +492,6 @@ class MiniEdit( Frame ):
         x, y = c.coords( target )
         c.coords( self.link, self.linkx, self.linky, x, y )
         self.addLink( source, dest )
-
-
         # We're done
         self.link = self.linkWidget = None
 
@@ -494,7 +513,7 @@ class MiniEdit( Frame ):
             line1.pack( padx=20, pady=10 )
             line2.pack(pady=10 )
             line3.pack(pady=10 )
-            hide = lambda about=about: about.withdraw()
+            hide = ( lambda about=about: about.withdraw() )
             self.aboutBox = about
             # Hide on close rather than destroying window
             Wm.wm_protocol( about, name='WM_DELETE_WINDOW', func=hide )
@@ -566,17 +585,19 @@ class MiniEdit( Frame ):
         return net
 
     def start( self ):
+        "Start network."
         if self.net is None:
-            self.net = self.build()
             self.net.start()
 
     def stop( self ):
+        "Stop network."
         if self.net is not None:
             self.net.stop()
         cleanUpScreens()
         self.net = None
 
     def xterm( self, ignore=None ):
+        "Make an xterm when a button is pressed."
         if ( self.selection is None or
              self.net is None or
              self.selection not in self.itemToWidget ):
@@ -584,77 +605,102 @@ class MiniEdit( Frame ):
         name = self.itemToWidget[ self.selection ][ 'text' ]
         if name not in self.net.nameToNode:
             return
-        self.net.terms.append( makeTerm( self.net.nameToNode[ name ],  'Host' ) )
+        term = makeTerm( self.net.nameToNode[ name ], 'Host' )
+        self.net.terms.append( term )
 
-    # Image data. Git will be unhappy.
 
-    def createImages( self ):
-        "Initialize button/icon images."
-        images = {}
+def miniEditImages():
+    "Create and return images for MiniEdit."
 
-        images[ 'Select' ] = BitmapImage( file='/usr/include/X11/bitmaps/left_ptr' )
+    # Image data. Git will be unhappy. However, the alternative
+    # is to keep track of separate binary files, which is also
+    # unappealing.
         
-        images[ 'Host' ] = PhotoImage( data=r"""
-            R0lGODlhIAAYAPcAMf//////zP//mf//Zv//M///AP/M///MzP/Mmf/MZv/MM//MAP+Z//+Z
-            zP+Zmf+ZZv+ZM/+ZAP9m//9mzP9mmf9mZv9mM/9mAP8z//8zzP8zmf8zZv8zM/8zAP8A//8A
-            zP8Amf8AZv8AM/8AAMz//8z/zMz/mcz/Zsz/M8z/AMzM/8zMzMzMmczMZszMM8zMAMyZ/8yZ
-            zMyZmcyZZsyZM8yZAMxm/8xmzMxmmcxmZsxmM8xmAMwz/8wzzMwzmcwzZswzM8wzAMwA/8wA
-            zMwAmcwAZswAM8wAAJn//5n/zJn/mZn/Zpn/M5n/AJnM/5nMzJnMmZnMZpnMM5nMAJmZ/5mZ
-            zJmZmZmZZpmZM5mZAJlm/5lmzJlmmZlmZplmM5lmAJkz/5kzzJkzmZkzZpkzM5kzAJkA/5kA
-            zJkAmZkAZpkAM5kAAGb//2b/zGb/mWb/Zmb/M2b/AGbM/2bMzGbMmWbMZmbMM2bMAGaZ/2aZ
-            zGaZmWaZZmaZM2aZAGZm/2ZmzGZmmWZmZmZmM2ZmAGYz/2YzzGYzmWYzZmYzM2YzAGYA/2YA
-            zGYAmWYAZmYAM2YAADP//zP/zDP/mTP/ZjP/MzP/ADPM/zPMzDPMmTPMZjPMMzPMADOZ/zOZ
-            zDOZmTOZZjOZMzOZADNm/zNmzDNmmTNmZjNmMzNmADMz/zMzzDMzmTMzZjMzMzMzADMA/zMA
-            zDMAmTMAZjMAMzMAAAD//wD/zAD/mQD/ZgD/MwD/AADM/wDMzADMmQDMZgDMMwDMAACZ/wCZ
-            zACZmQCZZgCZMwCZAABm/wBmzABmmQBmZgBmMwBmAAAz/wAzzAAzmQAzZgAzMwAzAAAA/wAA
-            zAAAmQAAZgAAM+4AAN0AALsAAKoAAIgAAHcAAFUAAEQAACIAABEAAADuAADdAAC7AACqAACI
-            AAB3AABVAABEAAAiAAARAAAA7gAA3QAAuwAAqgAAiAAAdwAAVQAARAAAIgAAEe7u7t3d3bu7
-            u6qqqoiIiHd3d1VVVURERCIiIhEREQAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAgABgAAAiNAAH8G0iwoMGD
-            CAcKTMiw4UBwBPXVm0ixosWLFvVBHFjPoUeC9Tb+6/jRY0iQ/8iVbHiS40CVKxG2HEkQZsyC
-            M0mmvGkw50uePUV2tEnOZkyfQA8iTYpTKNOgKJ+C3AhOp9SWVaVOfWj1KdauTL9q5UgVbFKs
-            EjGqXVtP40NwcBnCjXtw7tx/C8cSBBAQADs=""" )
+    return {
+        'Select': BitmapImage(
+            file='/usr/include/X11/bitmaps/left_ptr' ),
 
-        images[ 'Switch' ] = PhotoImage( data=r"""
-            R0lGODlhIAAYAPcAMf//////zP//mf//Zv//M///AP/M///MzP/Mmf/MZv/MM//MAP+Z//+Z
-            zP+Zmf+ZZv+ZM/+ZAP9m//9mzP9mmf9mZv9mM/9mAP8z//8zzP8zmf8zZv8zM/8zAP8A//8A
-            zP8Amf8AZv8AM/8AAMz//8z/zMz/mcz/Zsz/M8z/AMzM/8zMzMzMmczMZszMM8zMAMyZ/8yZ
-            zMyZmcyZZsyZM8yZAMxm/8xmzMxmmcxmZsxmM8xmAMwz/8wzzMwzmcwzZswzM8wzAMwA/8wA
-            zMwAmcwAZswAM8wAAJn//5n/zJn/mZn/Zpn/M5n/AJnM/5nMzJnMmZnMZpnMM5nMAJmZ/5mZ
-            zJmZmZmZZpmZM5mZAJlm/5lmzJlmmZlmZplmM5lmAJkz/5kzzJkzmZkzZpkzM5kzAJkA/5kA
-            zJkAmZkAZpkAM5kAAGb//2b/zGb/mWb/Zmb/M2b/AGbM/2bMzGbMmWbMZmbMM2bMAGaZ/2aZ
-            zGaZmWaZZmaZM2aZAGZm/2ZmzGZmmWZmZmZmM2ZmAGYz/2YzzGYzmWYzZmYzM2YzAGYA/2YA
-            zGYAmWYAZmYAM2YAADP//zP/zDP/mTP/ZjP/MzP/ADPM/zPMzDPMmTPMZjPMMzPMADOZ/zOZ
-            zDOZmTOZZjOZMzOZADNm/zNmzDNmmTNmZjNmMzNmADMz/zMzzDMzmTMzZjMzMzMzADMA/zMA
-            zDMAmTMAZjMAMzMAAAD//wD/zAD/mQD/ZgD/MwD/AADM/wDMzADMmQDMZgDMMwDMAACZ/wCZ
-            zACZmQCZZgCZMwCZAABm/wBmzABmmQBmZgBmMwBmAAAz/wAzzAAzmQAzZgAzMwAzAAAA/wAA
-            zAAAmQAAZgAAM+4AAN0AALsAAKoAAIgAAHcAAFUAAEQAACIAABEAAADuAADdAAC7AACqAACI
-            AAB3AABVAABEAAAiAAARAAAA7gAA3QAAuwAAqgAAiAAAdwAAVQAARAAAIgAAEe7u7t3d3bu7
-            u6qqqoiIiHd3d1VVVURERCIiIhEREQAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAgABgAAAhwAAEIHEiwoMGD
-            CBMqXMiwocOHECNKnEixosWB3zJq3Mixo0eNAL7xG0mypMmTKPl9Cznyn8uWL/m5/AeTpsyY
-            I1eKlBnO5r+eLYHy9Ck0J8ubPmPOrMmUpM6UUKMa/Ui16saLWLNq3cq1q9evYB0GBAA7
+        'Host': PhotoImage( data=r"""
+            R0lGODlhIAAYAPcAMf//////zP//mf//Zv//M///AP/M///MzP/M
+            mf/MZv/MM//MAP+Z//+ZzP+Zmf+ZZv+ZM/+ZAP9m//9mzP9mmf9m
+            Zv9mM/9mAP8z//8zzP8zmf8zZv8zM/8zAP8A//8AzP8Amf8AZv8A
+            M/8AAMz//8z/zMz/mcz/Zsz/M8z/AMzM/8zMzMzMmczMZszMM8zM
+            AMyZ/8yZzMyZmcyZZsyZM8yZAMxm/8xmzMxmmcxmZsxmM8xmAMwz
+            /8wzzMwzmcwzZswzM8wzAMwA/8wAzMwAmcwAZswAM8wAAJn//5n/
+            zJn/mZn/Zpn/M5n/AJnM/5nMzJnMmZnMZpnMM5nMAJmZ/5mZzJmZ
+            mZmZZpmZM5mZAJlm/5lmzJlmmZlmZplmM5lmAJkz/5kzzJkzmZkz
+            ZpkzM5kzAJkA/5kAzJkAmZkAZpkAM5kAAGb//2b/zGb/mWb/Zmb/
+            M2b/AGbM/2bMzGbMmWbMZmbMM2bMAGaZ/2aZzGaZmWaZZmaZM2aZ
+            AGZm/2ZmzGZmmWZmZmZmM2ZmAGYz/2YzzGYzmWYzZmYzM2YzAGYA
+            /2YAzGYAmWYAZmYAM2YAADP//zP/zDP/mTP/ZjP/MzP/ADPM/zPM
+            zDPMmTPMZjPMMzPMADOZ/zOZzDOZmTOZZjOZMzOZADNm/zNmzDNm
+            mTNmZjNmMzNmADMz/zMzzDMzmTMzZjMzMzMzADMA/zMAzDMAmTMA
+            ZjMAMzMAAAD//wD/zAD/mQD/ZgD/MwD/AADM/wDMzADMmQDMZgDM
+            MwDMAACZ/wCZzACZmQCZZgCZMwCZAABm/wBmzABmmQBmZgBmMwBm
+            AAAz/wAzzAAzmQAzZgAzMwAzAAAA/wAAzAAAmQAAZgAAM+4AAN0A
+            ALsAAKoAAIgAAHcAAFUAAEQAACIAABEAAADuAADdAAC7AACqAACI
+            AAB3AABVAABEAAAiAAARAAAA7gAA3QAAuwAAqgAAiAAAdwAAVQAA
+            RAAAIgAAEe7u7t3d3bu7u6qqqoiIiHd3d1VVVURERCIiIhEREQAA
+            ACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAgABgAAAiNAAH8G0iwoMGDCAcKTMiw4UBw
+            BPXVm0ixosWLFvVBHFjPoUeC9Tb+6/jRY0iQ/8iVbHiS40CVKxG2
+            HEkQZsyCM0mmvGkw50uePUV2tEnOZkyfQA8iTYpTKNOgKJ+C3AhO
+            p9SWVaVOfWj1KdauTL9q5UgVbFKsEjGqXVtP40NwcBnCjXtw7tx/
+            C8cSBBAQADs=
+        """ ),
+
+        'Switch': PhotoImage( data=r"""
+            R0lGODlhIAAYAPcAMf//////zP//mf//Zv//M///AP/M///MzP/M
+            mf/MZv/MM//MAP+Z//+ZzP+Zmf+ZZv+ZM/+ZAP9m//9mzP9mmf9m
+            Zv9mM/9mAP8z//8zzP8zmf8zZv8zM/8zAP8A//8AzP8Amf8AZv8A
+            M/8AAMz//8z/zMz/mcz/Zsz/M8z/AMzM/8zMzMzMmczMZszMM8zM
+            AMyZ/8yZzMyZmcyZZsyZM8yZAMxm/8xmzMxmmcxmZsxmM8xmAMwz
+            /8wzzMwzmcwzZswzM8wzAMwA/8wAzMwAmcwAZswAM8wAAJn//5n/
+            zJn/mZn/Zpn/M5n/AJnM/5nMzJnMmZnMZpnMM5nMAJmZ/5mZzJmZ
+            mZmZZpmZM5mZAJlm/5lmzJlmmZlmZplmM5lmAJkz/5kzzJkzmZkz
+            ZpkzM5kzAJkA/5kAzJkAmZkAZpkAM5kAAGb//2b/zGb/mWb/Zmb/
+            M2b/AGbM/2bMzGbMmWbMZmbMM2bMAGaZ/2aZzGaZmWaZZmaZM2aZ
+            AGZm/2ZmzGZmmWZmZmZmM2ZmAGYz/2YzzGYzmWYzZmYzM2YzAGYA
+            /2YAzGYAmWYAZmYAM2YAADP//zP/zDP/mTP/ZjP/MzP/ADPM/zPM
+            zDPMmTPMZjPMMzPMADOZ/zOZzDOZmTOZZjOZMzOZADNm/zNmzDNm
+            mTNmZjNmMzNmADMz/zMzzDMzmTMzZjMzMzMzADMA/zMAzDMAmTMA
+            ZjMAMzMAAAD//wD/zAD/mQD/ZgD/MwD/AADM/wDMzADMmQDMZgDM
+            MwDMAACZ/wCZzACZmQCZZgCZMwCZAABm/wBmzABmmQBmZgBmMwBm
+            AAAz/wAzzAAzmQAzZgAzMwAzAAAA/wAAzAAAmQAAZgAAM+4AAN0A
+            ALsAAKoAAIgAAHcAAFUAAEQAACIAABEAAADuAADdAAC7AACqAACI
+            AAB3AABVAABEAAAiAAARAAAA7gAA3QAAuwAAqgAAiAAAdwAAVQAA
+            RAAAIgAAEe7u7t3d3bu7u6qqqoiIiHd3d1VVVURERCIiIhEREQAA
+            ACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAgABgAAAhwAAEIHEiwoMGDCBMqXMiwocOH
+            ECNKnEixosWB3zJq3Mixo0eNAL7xG0mypMmTKPl9Cznyn8uWL/m5
+            /AeTpsyYI1eKlBnO5r+eLYHy9Ck0J8ubPmPOrMmUpM6UUKMa/Ui1
+            6saLWLNq3cq1q9evYB0GBAA7
+        """ ),
+
+        'Link': PhotoImage( data=r"""
+            R0lGODlhFgAWAPcAMf//////zP//mf//Zv//M///AP/M///MzP/M
+            mf/MZv/MM//MAP+Z//+ZzP+Zmf+ZZv+ZM/+ZAP9m//9mzP9mmf9m
+            Zv9mM/9mAP8z//8zzP8zmf8zZv8zM/8zAP8A//8AzP8Amf8AZv8A
+            M/8AAMz//8z/zMz/mcz/Zsz/M8z/AMzM/8zMzMzMmczMZszMM8zM
+            AMyZ/8yZzMyZmcyZZsyZM8yZAMxm/8xmzMxmmcxmZsxmM8xmAMwz
+            /8wzzMwzmcwzZswzM8wzAMwA/8wAzMwAmcwAZswAM8wAAJn//5n/
+            zJn/mZn/Zpn/M5n/AJnM/5nMzJnMmZnMZpnMM5nMAJmZ/5mZzJmZ
+            mZmZZpmZM5mZAJlm/5lmzJlmmZlmZplmM5lmAJkz/5kzzJkzmZkz
+            ZpkzM5kzAJkA/5kAzJkAmZkAZpkAM5kAAGb//2b/zGb/mWb/Zmb/
+            M2b/AGbM/2bMzGbMmWbMZmbMM2bMAGaZ/2aZzGaZmWaZZmaZM2aZ
+            AGZm/2ZmzGZmmWZmZmZmM2ZmAGYz/2YzzGYzmWYzZmYzM2YzAGYA
+            /2YAzGYAmWYAZmYAM2YAADP//zP/zDP/mTP/ZjP/MzP/ADPM/zPM
+            zDPMmTPMZjPMMzPMADOZ/zOZzDOZmTOZZjOZMzOZADNm/zNmzDNm
+            mTNmZjNmMzNmADMz/zMzzDMzmTMzZjMzMzMzADMA/zMAzDMAmTMA
+            ZjMAMzMAAAD//wD/zAD/mQD/ZgD/MwD/AADM/wDMzADMmQDMZgDM
+            MwDMAACZ/wCZzACZmQCZZgCZMwCZAABm/wBmzABmmQBmZgBmMwBm
+            AAAz/wAzzAAzmQAzZgAzMwAzAAAA/wAAzAAAmQAAZgAAM+4AAN0A
+            ALsAAKoAAIgAAHcAAFUAAEQAACIAABEAAADuAADdAAC7AACqAACI
+            AAB3AABVAABEAAAiAAARAAAA7gAA3QAAuwAAqgAAiAAAdwAAVQAA
+            RAAAIgAAEe7u7t3d3bu7u6qqqoiIiHd3d1VVVURERCIiIhEREQAA
+            ACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAWABYAAAhIAAEIHEiwoEGBrhIeXEgwoUKG
+            Cx0+hGhQoiuKBy1irChxY0GNHgeCDAlgZEiTHlFuVImRJUWXEGEy
+            lBmxI8mSNknm1Dnx5sCAADs=
         """ )
-        
-        images[ 'Link' ] = PhotoImage( data=r"""
-            R0lGODlhFgAWAPcAMf//////zP//mf//Zv//M///AP/M///MzP/Mmf/MZv/MM//MAP+Z//+Z
-            zP+Zmf+ZZv+ZM/+ZAP9m//9mzP9mmf9mZv9mM/9mAP8z//8zzP8zmf8zZv8zM/8zAP8A//8A
-            zP8Amf8AZv8AM/8AAMz//8z/zMz/mcz/Zsz/M8z/AMzM/8zMzMzMmczMZszMM8zMAMyZ/8yZ
-            zMyZmcyZZsyZM8yZAMxm/8xmzMxmmcxmZsxmM8xmAMwz/8wzzMwzmcwzZswzM8wzAMwA/8wA
-            zMwAmcwAZswAM8wAAJn//5n/zJn/mZn/Zpn/M5n/AJnM/5nMzJnMmZnMZpnMM5nMAJmZ/5mZ
-            zJmZmZmZZpmZM5mZAJlm/5lmzJlmmZlmZplmM5lmAJkz/5kzzJkzmZkzZpkzM5kzAJkA/5kA
-            zJkAmZkAZpkAM5kAAGb//2b/zGb/mWb/Zmb/M2b/AGbM/2bMzGbMmWbMZmbMM2bMAGaZ/2aZ
-            zGaZmWaZZmaZM2aZAGZm/2ZmzGZmmWZmZmZmM2ZmAGYz/2YzzGYzmWYzZmYzM2YzAGYA/2YA
-            zGYAmWYAZmYAM2YAADP//zP/zDP/mTP/ZjP/MzP/ADPM/zPMzDPMmTPMZjPMMzPMADOZ/zOZ
-            zDOZmTOZZjOZMzOZADNm/zNmzDNmmTNmZjNmMzNmADMz/zMzzDMzmTMzZjMzMzMzADMA/zMA
-            zDMAmTMAZjMAMzMAAAD//wD/zAD/mQD/ZgD/MwD/AADM/wDMzADMmQDMZgDMMwDMAACZ/wCZ
-            zACZmQCZZgCZMwCZAABm/wBmzABmmQBmZgBmMwBmAAAz/wAzzAAzmQAzZgAzMwAzAAAA/wAA
-            zAAAmQAAZgAAM+4AAN0AALsAAKoAAIgAAHcAAFUAAEQAACIAABEAAADuAADdAAC7AACqAACI
-            AAB3AABVAABEAAAiAAARAAAA7gAA3QAAuwAAqgAAiAAAdwAAVQAARAAAIgAAEe7u7t3d3bu7
-            u6qqqoiIiHd3d1VVVURERCIiIhEREQAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAWABYAAAhIAAEIHEiwoEGB
-            rhIeXEgwoUKGCx0+hGhQoiuKBy1irChxY0GNHgeCDAlgZEiTHlFuVImRJUWXEGEylBmxI8mS
-            Nknm1Dnx5sCAADs=
-            """ )
-            
-        return images
+    }
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     setLogLevel( 'info' )

examples/udpbwgraph.py

@@ -41,12 +41,11 @@ class Graph( Frame ):
         self.xpos = 0
 
         # Create everything
-        self.title = self.graph = None
-        self.createWidgets()
+        self.title, self.graph, self.scale = self.createWidgets()
         self.updateScrollRegions()
         self.yview( 'moveto', '1.0' )
 
-    def scale( self ):
+    def createScale( self ):
         "Create a and return a new canvas with scale markers."
         height = float( self.gheight )
         width = 25
@@ -83,7 +82,7 @@ class Graph( Frame ):
         title = Label( self, text="Bandwidth (Mb/s)", bg=self.bg )
         width = self.gwidth
         height = self.gheight
-        scale = self.scale()
+        scale = self.createScale()
         graph = Canvas( self, width=width, height=height, background=self.bg)
         xbar = Scrollbar( self, orient='horizontal', command=graph.xview )
         ybar = Scrollbar( self, orient='vertical', command=self.yview )
@@ -99,12 +98,7 @@ class Graph( Frame ):
         xbar.grid( row=2, column=0, columnspan=2, sticky='ew' )
         self.rowconfigure( 1, weight=1 )
         self.columnconfigure( 1, weight=1 )
-
-        # Save for future reference
-        self.title = title
-        self.scale = scale
-        self.graph = graph
-        return graph
+        return title, graph, scale
 
     def addBar( self, yval ):
         "Add a new bar to our graph."
@@ -123,7 +117,7 @@ class Graph( Frame ):
         "Add a bar for testing purposes."
         ms = 1000
         if self.xpos < 10:
-            self.addBar( self.xpos/10 * self.ymax  )
+            self.addBar( self.xpos / 10 * self.ymax  )
             self.after( ms, self.test )
 
     def setTitle( self, text ):
@@ -146,26 +140,15 @@ class Controls( Frame ):
         'NOX': NOX
     }
 
-    def optionMenu( self, name, dict, initval, opts ):
-        "Add a new option menu."
-        var = StringVar()
-        var.set( findKey( dict, initval ) )
-        menu = OptionMenu( self, var, *dict )
-        menu.config( **opts )
-        menu.pack( fill='x' )
-        def value():
-            return dict[ var.get() ]
-        return value
-
-    def __init__( self, master, start, stop, quit ):
+    def __init__( self, master, startFn, stopFn, quitFn ):
 
         Frame.__init__( self, master )
 
         # Option menus
         opts = { 'font': 'Geneva 7 bold' }
-        self.switch = self.optionMenu( 'Switch', self.switches, 
+        self.switch = self.optionMenu( self.switches,
             KernelSwitch, opts )
-        self.controller = self.optionMenu( 'Controller', self.controllers, 
+        self.controller = self.optionMenu( self.controllers,
             Controller, opts)
 
         # Spacer
@@ -173,12 +156,20 @@ class Controls( Frame ):
         Label( self, **opts ).pack( **pk )
 
         # Buttons
-        self.start = Button( self, text='Start', command=start, **opts )
-        self.stop = Button( self, text='Stop', command=stop, **opts )
-        self.quit = Button( self, text='Quit', command=quit, **opts )
+        self.start = Button( self, text='Start', command=startFn, **opts )
+        self.stop = Button( self, text='Stop', command=stopFn, **opts )
+        self.quit = Button( self, text='Quit', command=quitFn, **opts )
         for button in ( self.start, self.stop, self.quit ):
             button.pack( **pk )
 
+    def optionMenu( self, menuItems, initval, opts ):
+        "Add a new option menu. Returns function to get value."
+        var = StringVar()
+        var.set( findKey( menuItems, initval ) )
+        menu = OptionMenu( self, var, *menuItems )
+        menu.config( **opts )
+        menu.pack( fill='x' )
+        return lambda: menuItems[ var.get() ]
 
 def parsebwtest( line,
     r=re.compile( r'(\d+) s: in ([\d\.]+) MB/s, out ([\d\.]+) MB/s' ) ):
@@ -193,7 +184,7 @@ def parsebwtest( line,
 class UdpBwTest( Frame ):
     "Test and plot UDP bandwidth over time"
 
-    def __init__( self, topo, seconds=60, master=None ):
+    def __init__( self, topo, master=None ):
         "Start up and monitor udpbwtest on each of our hosts."
 
         Frame.__init__( self, master )
@@ -206,10 +197,16 @@ class UdpBwTest( Frame ):
         self.graph.pack( side='right', expand=True, fill='both' )
         self.pack( expand=True, fill='both' )
 
+        self.topo = topo
+        self.net = None
+        self.hosts = []
+        self.hostCount = 0
+        self.output = None
+        self.results = {}
         self.running = False
 
     def start( self ):
-        print "start"
+        "Start test."
 
         if self.running:
             return
@@ -217,7 +214,8 @@ class UdpBwTest( Frame ):
         switch = self.controls.switch()
         controller = self.controls.controller()
 
-        self.net = Mininet( topo, switch=switch, controller=controller )
+        self.net = Mininet( self.topo, switch=switch, 
+            controller=controller )
         self.hosts = self.net.hosts
         self.hostCount = len( self.hosts )
 
@@ -282,7 +280,7 @@ class UdpBwTest( Frame ):
         self.net.stop()
 
     def quit( self ):
-        print "*** Quitting"
+        "Quit app."
         self.stop()
         Frame.quit( self )
 
@@ -290,9 +288,9 @@ class UdpBwTest( Frame ):
 
 # Useful utilities
 
-def findKey( dict, value ):
-    "Find some key where dict[ key ] == value."
-    return [ key for key, val in dict.items() if val == value ][ 0 ]
+def findKey( d, value ):
+    "Find some key where d[ key ] == value."
+    return [ key for key, val in d.items() if val == value ][ 0 ]
 
 def assign( obj, **kwargs):
     "Set a bunch of fields in an object."
@@ -306,7 +304,7 @@ class Object( object ):
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     setLogLevel( 'info' )
-    topo = TreeTopo( depth=1, fanout=2 )
-    app = UdpBwTest( topo )
+    app = UdpBwTest( topo=TreeTopo( depth=2, fanout=2 ) )
     app.mainloop()
 
+

mininet/cli.py

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ from subprocess import call
 from cmd import Cmd
 from os import isatty
 from select import poll, POLLIN
-from sys import stdin
+import sys
 
 from mininet.log import info, output, error
 from mininet.term import makeTerms
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class CLI( Cmd ):
 
     prompt = 'mininet> '
 
-    def __init__( self, mininet, stdin=stdin ):
+    def __init__( self, mininet, stdin=sys.stdin ):
         self.mn = mininet
         self.nodelist = self.mn.controllers + self.mn.switches + self.mn.hosts
         self.nodemap = {}  # map names to Node objects
@@ -110,7 +110,9 @@ class CLI( Cmd ):
         for switch in self.mn.switches:
             output( switch.name, '<->' )
             for intf in switch.intfs.values():
-                node, name  = switch.connection.get( intf, ( None, 'Unknown ' ) )
+                # Ugly, but pylint wants it
+                name  = switch.connection.get( intf,
+                    ( None, 'Unknown ' ) )[ 1 ]
                 output( ' %s' % name )
             output( '\n' )
 
@@ -236,20 +238,16 @@ class CLI( Cmd ):
                     for arg in rest ]
             rest = ' '.join( rest )
             # Run cmd on node:
-            node.sendCmd( rest )
-            self.waitForNode( node, isShellBuiltin( first ) )
+            builtin = isShellBuiltin( first )
+            print "builtin =", builtin
+            node.sendCmd( rest, printPid=( not builtin ) )
+            self.waitForNode( node )
         else:
             error( '*** Unknown command: %s\n' % first )
 
     # pylint: enable-msg=W0613,R0201
 
-    def isReadable( self, poller ):
-        "Check whether a single polled object is readable."
-        for fd, mask in poller.poll( 0 ):
-            if mask & POLLIN:
-                return True
-
-    def waitForNode( self, node, isShellBuiltin=False ):
+    def waitForNode( self, node ):
         "Wait for a node to finish, and  print its output."
         # Pollers
         nodePoller = poll()
@@ -264,10 +262,10 @@ class CLI( Cmd ):
         while True:
             try:
                 bothPoller.poll()
-                if self.isReadable( self.inPoller ):
+                if isReadable( self.inPoller ):
                     key = self.stdin.read( 1 )
                     node.write( key )
-                if self.isReadable( nodePoller ):
+                if isReadable( nodePoller ):
                     data = node.monitor()
                     output( data )
                 if not node.waiting:
@@ -275,3 +273,11 @@ class CLI( Cmd ):
             except KeyboardInterrupt:
                 node.sendInt()
 
+# Helper functions
+
+def isReadable( poller ):
+    "Check whether a Poll object has a readable fd."
+    for fdmask in poller.poll( 0 ):
+        mask = fdmask[ 1 ]
+        if mask & POLLIN:
+            return True

mininet/net.py

@@ -100,26 +100,6 @@ from mininet.util import quietRun, fixLimits
 from mininet.util import createLink, macColonHex, ipStr, ipParse
 from mininet.term import cleanUpScreens, makeTerms
 
-DATAPATHS = [ 'kernel' ]  # [ 'user', 'kernel' ]
-
-
-def init():
-    "Initialize Mininet."
-    if init.inited:
-        return
-    if os.getuid() != 0:
-        # Note: this script must be run as root
-        # Perhaps we should do so automatically!
-        print "*** Mininet must run as root."
-        exit( 1 )
-    # If which produces no output, then mnexec is not in the path.
-    # May want to loosen this to handle mnexec in the current dir.
-    if not quietRun( 'which mnexec' ):
-        raise Exception( "Could not find mnexec - check $PATH" )
-    fixLimits()
-    
-init.inited = False
-
 class Mininet( object ):
     "Network emulation with hosts spawned in network namespaces."
 
@@ -195,13 +175,13 @@ class Mininet( object ):
         self.nameToNode[ name ] = sw
         return sw
 
-    def addController( self, controller ):
+    def addController( self, name='c0', **kwargs ):
         """Add controller.
            controller: Controller class"""
-        controller_new = self.controller( 'c0' )
+        controller_new = self.controller( name, **kwargs )
         if controller_new:  # allow controller-less setups
             self.controllers.append( controller_new )
-            self.nameToNode[ 'c0' ] = controller_new
+            self.nameToNode[ name ] = controller_new
 
     # Control network support:
     #
@@ -558,3 +538,27 @@ class Mininet( object ):
         result = CLI( self )
         self.stop()
         return result
+
+
+# pylint thinks inited is unused
+# pylint: disable-msg=W0612
+
+def init():
+    "Initialize Mininet."
+    if init.inited:
+        return
+    if os.getuid() != 0:
+        # Note: this script must be run as root
+        # Perhaps we should do so automatically!
+        print "*** Mininet must run as root."
+        exit( 1 )
+    # If which produces no output, then mnexec is not in the path.
+    # May want to loosen this to handle mnexec in the current dir.
+    if not quietRun( 'which mnexec' ):
+        raise Exception( "Could not find mnexec - check $PATH" )
+    fixLimits()
+    init.inited = True
+
+init.inited = False
+
+# pylint: enable-msg=W0612

mininet/node.py

@@ -95,6 +95,8 @@ class Node( object ):
         self.lastPid = None
         self.readbuf = ''
         self.waiting = False
+        # Stash additional information as desired
+        self.args = kwargs
 
     @classmethod
     def fdToNode( cls, fd ):
@@ -186,7 +188,7 @@ class Node( object ):
         if self.lastPid:
             try:
                 os.kill( self.lastPid, sig )
-            except Exception:
+            except OSError:
                 pass
 
     def monitor( self, timeoutms=None ):
@@ -410,14 +412,6 @@ class Switch( Node ):
             error( '*** Error: %s has execed and cannot accept commands' %
                      self.name )
 
-    def monitor( self, *args, **kwargs ):
-        "Monitor a switch."
-        if not self.execed:
-            return Node.monitor( self, *args, **kwargs )
-        else:
-            return True, ''
-
-
 class UserSwitch( Switch ):
     "User-space switch."
 

mininet/util.py

@@ -5,7 +5,9 @@ from resource import setrlimit, RLIMIT_NPROC, RLIMIT_NOFILE
 import select
 from subprocess import call, check_call, Popen, PIPE, STDOUT
 
-from mininet.log import lg
+from mininet.log import error
+
+# Command execution support
 
 def run( cmd ):
     """Simple interface to subprocess.call()
@@ -17,6 +19,9 @@ def checkRun( cmd ):
        cmd: list of command params"""
     return check_call( cmd.split( ' ' ) )
 
+# pylint doesn't understand explicit type checking
+# pylint: disable-msg=E1103
+
 def quietRun( *cmd ):
     """Run a command, routing stderr to stdout, and return the output.
        cmd: list of command params"""
@@ -42,6 +47,22 @@ def quietRun( *cmd ):
             break
     return output
 
+# pylint: enable-msg=E1103
+# pylint: disable-msg=E1101,W0612
+
+def isShellBuiltin( cmd ):
+    "Return True if cmd is a bash builtin."
+    if isShellBuiltin.builtIns is None:
+        isShellBuiltin.builtIns = quietRun( 'bash -c enable' )
+    space = cmd.find( ' ' )
+    if space > 0:
+        cmd = cmd[ :space]
+    return cmd in isShellBuiltin.builtIns
+
+isShellBuiltin.builtIns = None
+
+# pylint: enable-msg=E1101,W0612
+
 # Interface management
 #
 # Interfaces are managed as strings which are simply the
@@ -78,7 +99,7 @@ def retry( retries, delaySecs, fn, *args, **keywords ):
         sleep( delaySecs )
         tries += 1
     if tries >= retries:
-        lg.error( "*** gave up after %i retries\n" % tries )
+        error( "*** gave up after %i retries\n" % tries )
         exit( 1 )
 
 def moveIntfNoRetry( intf, node, printError=False ):
@@ -91,7 +112,7 @@ def moveIntfNoRetry( intf, node, printError=False ):
     links = node.cmd( 'ip link show' )
     if not ( ' %s:' % intf ) in links:
         if printError:
-            lg.error( '*** Error: moveIntf: ' + intf +
+            error( '*** Error: moveIntf: ' + intf +
                 ' not successfully moved to ' + node.name + '\n' )
         return False
     return True
@@ -112,10 +133,8 @@ def createLink( node1, node2, port1=None, port2=None ):
        returns: intf1 name, intf2 name"""
     return node1.linkTo( node2, port1, port2 )
 
-def fixLimits():
-    "Fix ridiculously small resource limits."
-    setrlimit( RLIMIT_NPROC, ( 4096, 8192 ) )
-    setrlimit( RLIMIT_NOFILE, ( 16384, 32768 ) )
+
+# IP and Mac address formatting and parsing
 
 def _colonHex( val, bytes ):
     """Generate colon-hex string.
@@ -181,17 +200,10 @@ def makeNumeric( s ):
     else:
         return s
 
-# pylint: disable-msg=E1101,W0612
 
-def isShellBuiltin( cmd ):
-    "Return True if cmd is a bash builtin."
-    if isShellBuiltin.builtIns is None:
-        isShellBuiltin.builtIns = quietRun( 'bash -c enable' )
-    space = cmd.find( ' ' )
-    if space > 0:
-        cmd = cmd[ :space]
-    return cmd in isShellBuiltin.builtIns
+# Other stuff we use
 
-isShellBuiltin.builtIns = None
-
-# pylint: enable-msg=E1101,W0612
+def fixLimits():
+    "Fix ridiculously small resource limits."
+    setrlimit( RLIMIT_NPROC, ( 4096, 8192 ) )
+    setrlimit( RLIMIT_NOFILE, ( 16384, 32768 ) )